B. Pharm. (Hons.)

1. History of ancient Bengal: Janapades, Maurya Emperor, Pala Emperor, Gupta Emperor, Sena Emperor. 2. The concept of Indian sub-continent, The Indian plate 3. The position and power of the governor under the act,1947 4. The emergence of Pakistan 5. Language Movement 1952, The emergence Bengali nationalism 6. Six point formula, Election in 1970 7. 1971 War, Muktibahini in 1971 war, Bengalis in war with west Pakistan, The provisional government in Mujibnagar. 8. War heroes, Independence Day, Victory Day of Bangladesh 9. Constitution of Bangladesh, Parliament of Bangladesh 10. Cultural History: NobannoUtsob, Bengali New Year, Spring Festival 11. Climate change and its effect in Bangladesh, Agriculture and the growth, Industrialization and development issues 12. Social Problems: poverty, child marriage, Dowry and its social affect, unemployment, drug addiction.

1. Computer: History, classification and application in pharmaceutical analysis. 2. Organization of computer: A general review of INPUT/OUTPUT media and devices, functional parts and organization of CPU, hardware, software, batch processing, RAM, ROM, maintenance, etc. 3. Operating systems: Introduction to Windows operating system. 4. Computer packages: a. Microsoft Word b. Microsoft Power Point c. Microsoft Excel d. Photoshop e. Concepts of Database 5. Use of software a. Chemodraw software: Draw of chemical structure of organic compounds b. Smartdraw software c. Prism pad software d. ERP software

1. Functional English: Sentence Structures, Subject verb agreements, conditionals, Prepositions Verb-Tense etc; Punctuations; Structure of simple; Compound and complex sentences; Voice- Change of voice; Narrations and corrections; 2. Vocabulary building: Correct and precise diction, affixes, idiomatic expressions, level of appropriateness, colloquial and informal, standard and formal 3. Listening in English : Based on British English/ American English; Phonetics-Intonation, stress, IPA symbol 4. Speaking: Fluency in English, Factors in Fluency, Criteria of a good speaker/ presenter a) Self introduction b) Lecture on a topic 5. Developing writing skills: Sentences, sentence variety, Sentence clarity and corrections, linking sentences to form paragraph. Common Writing on- a) Précis writing b) Report writing (on a pharmaceutical project) c) Formal and informal letter writing d) Formal application writing

1. Definition of Pharmacy and Pharmacist 2. Scope of Pharmacy: Education, Licensure requirements and career. 3. Evolution of Pharmacy, Transition to a modern Profession and Emergence of Clinical Pharmacy 4. Ethics and Professionalism: Being Professional, Professional Characteristics, Code of Ethics, Oath of a Pharmacist, Ethical Decision-making, Ethical Theories, APhA Code of Ethics, Ethical Conflicts and issues in Health Care. 5. Scope of pharmacy profession: Scope of pharmacy profession in different areas, such as, Community, Healthcare, Industry, Government, Research, Public Health. 6. History and evolution: History and evolution of Modern, Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and other systems of medicines. 7. Information resources: Information resources in Pharmacy and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. 8. Definition of drugs and Medicine: Definition and classifications of different types of dosage forms.

1. Structure of atoms: An elementary treatment of theories of atomic structure, fundamental particles, simple treatment of quantum numbers, Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, Hund’s rule, origin of spectral lines. 2. Classification of elements: Electronic structure of atoms and the modern Periodic Table and Periodic law, variation of properties within periods and groups, usefulness and limitations of Periodic Table. 3. Chemical bonds: Electronic concept of valency, different types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, co-ordinate covalent, metallic, dipole, and hydrogen bonds, theories of covalent bonding and hybridization. 4. Chemistry of alkali and alkaline earth metals: General characteristics of alkali and alkaline earth metals, chemistry of group IA and IIA elements and their compounds, comparison of alkaline earth metals with alkali metals, physiological importance and pharmaceutical applications of alkali and alkaline earth metals. 5. Chemistry of co-ordination compounds: Definition, Werner’s theory, nomenclature of complexes, chelate complexes, Inner complexes, Valence bond theory regarding structure of complex compounds. 6. Inert and other gases: Source, electronic configuration & inertness, isolation of inert gases from dry air and liquid air, physical and chemical properties and pharmaceutical uses of noble gases. Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, sulfur di-oxide and their impacts on environment.

Qualitative analysis of inorganic ions and radicals: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ag+, Cu2+, Cl-, Br-, I- and CO32-, SO42-, NO3-, etc.

1. Introduction: History of organic chemistry, classification of organic compounds, systematic naming of organic compounds, electronegativity, polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules, structures and physical properties, intermolecular forces, carbonium ions, carbanion ions, electrophiles, nucleophiles, free radicals, hydrogen bonding, isomerism, m.p. and b.p. of organic compounds etc. 2. Principles and mechanisms of the following organic reactions: i) Substitution reactions ii) Addition reactions iii) Elimination reactions iv) Rearrangement reactions v) Polymerization reactions (addition and condensation polymerization). 3. Hydrocarbons and halides: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Chemistry of alkyl, aryl, allyl and vinyl halides, their syntheses, reactions and pharmaceutical applications. 4. Alcohols, ethers and epoxides: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications. 5. Aldehydes and ketones: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications. 6. Amines: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications. 7. Carboxylic acids: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids.

Identification of functional groups from organic compounds/drugs: >C=CC=O, –CHO, –COOH, –COOR, –CONHR, –CONR2.

Differential Calculus:Limits and functions, Finding Limit of function, Differentiation with first principle, Rules of Differentiation, Differentiation of implicit functions, logarithmic differentiation, Application of Differentiation Integral Calculus:Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard forms, integration by parts, substitution and partial fractions, formal evaluation of definite integrals. Introduction to Biostatistics:Some Basic Concepts-Data, Statistics, Sources of Data, Biostatistics, Variable, Quantitative Variables , Qualitative Variables , Random Variable, Discrete Random Variable, Continuous Random Variable, Population, Sample, Measurement and Measurement Scales, Sampling and Statistical Inference, The Scientific Method and the Design of Experiments. Descriptive Statistics:Frequency Distribution and its construction, Cumulative and Relative Cumulative Frequency Distributions, Graphical Representation-Histogram, Frequency Polygon and Ogive, Stem and Leaf display, Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Line Chart(Time plot. Measure of central tendency(Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric Mean, Harmonic Mean), Properties of Mean, Median and Mode, Combined Mean, Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles, Comparative study of different Measure of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion-Range, Variance and Standard Deviation (for Population and Sample), C.V, IQR, Shape of the Distribution-Skewness and Kurtosis, Box-and-Whisker Plots, Outliers, Exploratory Data Analysis. Some Basic Probability Concepts:Classical, Relative Frequency and Subjective Probability, Elementary Properties of Probability, Calculating Probability of an event, Joint Probability, The Addition Rule, Conditional Probability, The Multiplication Rule, Independent Events , Complementary Events, Marginal Probability, Bayes’ Theorem, Screening Tests, Sensitivity, Specificity and Predictive Value Positive and Negative. Probability Distribution:Probability distribution of Discrete R.V, The Binomial Distribution- The Bernoulli Process, The Binomial Parameters, Poisson Distribution, The Poisson Process, When to Use the Poisson Model, Continuous Distribution, Finding Area Under a Smooth Curve, The Normal Distribution, Characteristics of the Normal Distribution, The Standard Normal Distribution, Area Under the Normal Curve, Application of Normal Distribution. Some Important Sampling Distribution:Sampling Distribution, Sampling Distribution of x ̅(for Normal Population), Sampling Distribution of x ̅(for Non-Normal Population)-Central Limit Theorem, Sampling Distribution of difference of two sample means (x ̅_1-x ̅_2) (for Normal Population & Non-Normal Population), Sampling Distribution of Sample Proportions, Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: Point estimate and Interval estimate, Choosing an Appropriate Estimator, Sampled Populations and Target Populations, Random and Nonrandom Samples, Confidence Interval (CI) for a Population Mean, The t-Distribution, Properties of the t Distribution, Confidence Intervals Using t, Deciding Between z and .Definition of Hypothesis, Types of Hypotheses, Statistical hypotheses, Hypothesis Testing Steps, Significance Level, Types of Errors-Type I & Type II error, p value, Purpose of Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing for Single Population Mean(for known and unknown variance), Hypothesis Testing for difference between two Population Means , Pair Comparison-paired t-test, independent t-test, Hypothesis Testing-for Single Population Proportion, for difference between two Population Proportions, Hypothesis Testing for Single Population Variance (F-test), Type II error and Power of a test, Operating Characteristic Curves, Determination of Sample Size. Regression and correlation analysis: Estimation of regression line and parameter, correlation analysis (simple, partial and multiple).

1. Essential electrolytes: Intra and extra cellular electrolytes (Na, K, Ca and Cl ions), Electrolytes in acid base therapy, Electrolyte in replacement therapy, Electrolyte combination therapy. 2. Essential trace elements: Essential trace elements and their preparations (Cu, Zn, Mn, S, I, Cr, Se, Co, Ni), application of essential trace elements in pharmaceutical sciences. Principles of Radioactivity and Nuclear Science 3. Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Sciences: Definition, causes of environmental pollution, types of pollutions, application and importance of environmental science. Heavy metal toxicity; poisoning caused by Hg, As, Pb, Fe, Cu- their adverse effects on human life cycle and study of antidotes used in these poisoning. 4. Gastrointestinal agents: Antacids (Al, Mg- preparations with applications)- protectives and adsorbents, saline cathartics, their preparations and applications. 5. Dental preparations: Fluorides and other anti caries agents and their preparations and applications. Zn-preparations, I2-preparations, S preparations, boric acid, selenium and Cd, antimicrobial agents, anti-dandruffs 6. Radioactivity and Radiopharmaceuticals: Introduction, Types of radiation and their properties, radioactive decay, half-life, average life, modes of radioactive decay, interaction of radiation with matter, measurement of radioactivity, biological effects of radiation, control of radiation exposure, toxicity of radioactive isotopes.

1. Identification of Inorganic Drugs in their Formulation from the supplied preparations containing: Ca2+, Fe2+ , Al3+ , Mg 2+ , K+ , Na+. 2. Conversion of Different Water in soluble or Sparingly Soluble Drugs into Water soluble Forms. Na/K – salicylate from salicylic acid, Na/K – benzoate from benzoic acid and Na/K – citrate from citric acid. 3. Manufacturing of Inorganic Drugs: Manufacturing of aluminum hydroxide gel and Manufacturing of ferrous chloride, ferrous gluconate & ferrous fumerate.

1. Chemical equilibrium and ionic equilibrium: Law of mass action, determination of equilibrium constant, heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibrium, the Le Chatelier principle, Van’t Hoff equation. Modern theories of acid, bases and salts, acid base equilibria, Sorensen’s pH scale, species concentration as a function of pH, calculation of pH, acidity constants. 2. Chemical thermodynamics: Introduction, the first law of thermodynamics, work, energy and heat, work of expansion, internal energy, determination of internal energy, heat change at constant volume and constant pressure, thermodynamic reversibility, work of isothermal reversible expansion of gases, the maximum work under the isothermal expansion of a gas, heat capacities, difference between molar heats, adiabatic processes, Joule-Thomson experiment. Thermochemistry and thermochemical laws: Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot’s cycle and efficiency of a perfect engine, the concept of entropy and entropy changes for an ideal gas expansion, entropy changes of materials under various conditions, free energy and work functions, Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, free energy changes under equilibrium, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. 3. Phase equilibria: Phase, components and degree of freedom, the phase rules and its thermodynamic deviation, the phase diagrams of water and sulfur systems, partially miscible liquid pairs- the phenol and water; nicotine and water system, completely miscible liquid pairs and their separation by fractional distillation, freeze drying (lyophilization). 4. Solution:Electrolytes, Buffer and Isotonic solutions: Types and properties of solution, units of concentrations, ideal and real solutions, Henry’s law, distribution of solid between two immiscible liquids, distribution law, Partition coefficients, solvent extraction. Concentration expressions, equivalent weights, colligative properties of dilute solution, osmotic pressure, measurement of osmotic pressure, Van’t Hoff and Morse equation for osmotic pressure, coefficient for expressing colligative properties. Buffer equations, buffer capacity, buffer in pharmaceutics and biologic systems, preparation of buffer solution, buffer and isotonic system, methods for adjustment of tonicity of solution and pH.

1. Standardization of Acids and bases. 2. Determination of pKa and pKb values. 3. Preparation of solutions of different pH and buffer capacities. 4. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems. 5. Determination of distribution coefficients. 6. Determination of mol. wt. by Victor Meyer’s Method. 7. Determination of heats of solutions by measuring solubility as a function of temperature (Van’t Hoff equation.)

1. A detailed study of the important name reactions: Friedel-Crafts, Clemmensen reduction, Perkin, Reformatsky, Grignard, Reimer-Tiemann, Sandmeyer, Wolff-Kishner reduction, Oppenauer oxidation, Arndt-Eistert, Baeyer-Villiger, Birch reduction, Darzens’ condensation, Diels-Alder, Eschweiler-Clarke, Gabriel synthesis, Gatterman, Hofmann, Koch, Mannich, Michael, Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction, Vilsmeier-Haack, Wittig, etc. 2. Introduction to common essential drugs: Preparation and uses of salicylic acid, aspirin, paracetamol, benzoic acid, benzylbenzoate, sulfa-drugs, PASA, PABA, isoniazid, halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, etc. 3. Aromatic compounds: Aromaticity, general chemistry of aromatic compounds, such as phenols, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, diazonium compounds etc. with special reference to biological and pharmaceutical importance. 4. Organometallic compounds: Preparation of organometallic compounds containing lithium, magnesium, copper, cadmium, zinc and their importance. 5. Carbohydrates: Definition, classification, constitution and configuration of carbohydrates, synthesis of monosaccharides, ring structures of monosaccharides and their conformations, action of acids and bases on reducing sugars, epimers, anomers and anomeric configurations, reactions of mono-, di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides, their structure, physical and chemical properties. Polysaccharides: Definition, classification, constitution and importance of polysaccharides, isolation and purification of polysaccharides, a brief introduction of polysaccharides such as cellulose, pectin, alginic acid, chitin, glycogen and heparin. 6. Lipids: Definition, occurrence, classification and functions, composition of fats and oils, hydrolysis of fats, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, steroids and phospholipids. 7.Amino acids, peptides and proteins: Amino acids:Definition, sources, classification, structures, configurations, preparations, reactions and importance of amino acids; isoelectric point, essential and nonessential amino acids. Peptides: Constitution and geometry, C-terminal and N-terminal residues of peptides. Proteins: Classification and functions, denatured and conjugated proteins; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.

1. General Physiology: Physiology and its scope in pharmacy. Cell: Structure of cell, its various organelles and functions. Cell division, Body fluid compartments and its composition, transport across cell membrane potentials, intercellular communication Haemostasis. Tissue: Definition, classification, distribution, minute structures and functions of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue bone and cartilage 2. Cardiovascular system Blood: Plasma electrolytes, plasma protein and other organic constituents, Blood cells; Formation and destruction, cell constituent’s function of different blood cell, Haemoglobin; Structure and function, thalassemia, Anaemia, Blood coagulation and anticoagulation; Blood coagulation factor, Basic theory of coagulation, mechanism of blood coagulation, Blood group and transfusion; Principal blood group, classical blood group, Agglutinogen, agglutinin, Cross matching, Landstainer’s law. Heart: Anatomy and histology of heart, Origin & transmission of cardiac impulse, E.C.G, Control & basic requirements for the normal heart beat, Cardiac cycle, Blood vessels, Arteries, veins and capillaries, their structure and functions, cardio-vascular regulatory mechanism, blood pressure; maintenance and regulation of vascular reflexes, Circulation through special requires coronary circulation, hepatic circulation, pulmonary circulation, cerebral circulation, capillary circulation. 3. Digestive System: Structure of the different parts of the alimentary tract; composition, function and regulation of the secretion of different digestive juices; movement of alimentary tract, Digestive enzymes and their specific role in digestion, digestion and absorption of food stuffs, G.I. reflexes: Salivary, gastric, deglutition and defaecation reflexes. 4. Metabolism: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Metabolism of Proteins & nucleoproteins, Metabolism of fats and cholesterol. 5. Vitamins & minerals: Sources, and availability of vitamins of Minerals, Physiological properties, Functions of various Vitamins, Effects of deficiency of vitamins of minerals. Definition, classification and mode of action of different enzymes.

1. Blood grouping test 2. Total count of R.B.C and W.B.C 3. Differential count of W.B.C. 4. Determination of clotting and bleeding time.

1. Introduction: Definition and scope of Pharmacognosy, its historical developments. 2. Drug literature and publications: Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Codex, Formulary, Index, official, unofficial, nonofficial and INN drugs. 3. Crude drugs: Definition of crude drugs, A general view of their origin, distributions, cultivation. Evaluation of crude drugs, Drug adulteration. Plant analysis: Collection, drying, extraction, separation, chromatography, types of plant constituents, Storage, commerce and quality control-Classification of drugs, Preparation of drugs for commercial market, Comparative phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy. 4. Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical uses of the following plant constituents along with Consideration of some important drugs of each group: Lipids: Definition, classification and extraction of Castor oil, linseed oil, coconut oil, olive oil, peanut oil, chaulmoogra oil, cod liver oil, shark liver oil, halibut liver oil and beeswax, Carbohydrate and related compounds: Definition, classification, properties and biosynthesis: Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides: Sucrose, dextrose, glucose, fructose, Polysaccharides and polysaccharide containing drugs starches, dextrins, Gums and mucilages: tragacanth, acacia, sterculia, sodium alginate, agar and cellulose. 5. Resins and Balsams: Resin, oleoresin, oleo-gum resin, Ginger, Podophyllum, Tolu balsam, Peru balsam.

1. Study of some important medicinal plants of Bangladesh: Morphological characteristics. Flowers, fruits, leaves, petals, stamens, Literature survey of medicinal plants according to family, Preparation of spray reagents for phytochemical study, Drying and extraction techniques of plant samples. 2. Examination of some saponin containing drugs: Sarsaparilla, Dioscorea. 3. Study of alkaloids and some alkaloid containing drugs: Belladona, strammonium, cinchona, rauwolfia, tea, coffee, tobacco, ergot, ephedra, nux vomica and areca. 4. Study of some important medicinal and poisonous plants of Bangladesh.

1. Principle and Techniques of Heat Transfer: Definition of Heat, methods or Techniques of Heat Transfer, heat transfer by conduction process, heat transfer though various layers, design of heating equipment steam as a heating medium, sensible and and latent heat, hypothetical facts of heating. 2. Chemical Kinetics: General consideration, reaction rate, rate law, order, molecularity of elementary & complex reaction, zero order, pseudo order, first order and second order reactions, half life determination, determination of order reactions, half life determination, determination of order, effects of temperature, light, humidity, solvent, catalytic species and other factors on reaction rate. 3. Adsorption and Interfacial phenomena: Liquid interfaced, surface and interfacial tension, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, adsorption at solid and liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interface, surface active agent-classification, mechanism of action & their roles in pharmacy. 4. Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of lows, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian system pseudoplastic, dialtant and plastic flows, thixotraphy, in formulation and determination of viscosity, determiantion of rheologic properties, role of rheology in pharmacy. 5. Colloids: Definition, Dispersed systems, colloidal particle, types of colloidal system, lyophilic and lyophobic sols, preparation of sols, purification of sols, potical properties of sols, stability of sols, associated colloids, volatilization, gels-Types and properties, application of colloids. 6. Electrochemistry: Electrolysis, mechanism of electrolysis, electrical units, faraday’s laws of electrolysis, conductance of electrolytes, electrochemical quantities, variation of conductance, strong and weak electrolytes. 7. The Gaseous state and the Kinetic Molecular theory: Gaseous state, characteristics of gases, the Gas laws, kinetic molecular theory of gases, derivation of kinetic gas equation, distribution of molecular velocities, different kinds of velocities, calculation of molecular velocities, collision properties, specific heat ratio of gases, deviation from ideal behavior, explanation of deviations, vanderwaals equation, liquefaction of gases, method of liquefaction of gases.

1. Determination of viscosity of pure liquids, Determination of viscosity of liquid pharmaceutical preparation, Study of variation of viscosity of liquids with temperature. 2. Determination of velocity constants of the hydrolysis of supplied compound. 3. Determination of adsorption isotherm of oxalic (or acetic) acid form aqueous solution by charcoal & calculation of the constant in Freundlich’s equation. 4. Determination of the equilibrium constant of the reaction KI+I2=KI3.

1. Introduction to Pharmaceutics. An overview of the different dosage forms and the routes of administration, Dose and its calculation. 2. Micromeritrics: Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, method of determining particle volume, sieving, sedimentation and measurement thereof, particle shape, specific surface, determination of surface area, permeability, derived properties of powder, porosity, packing arrangements, density, bulkiness and flow properties. 3. Basic Principles of Compounding and dispensing: Weight, measures and units, calculation for compounding and dispensing, fundamental operation in compounding, good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing, containers and closures for dispensed products, responding to the prescription, labeling of dispensed medication. 4. Solubility Study and its application in the Pharmaceutical Formulation Technology: 5. Surface-active agents: Classifications, mechanism of actions and their roles in pharmacy. 6. Reaction Kinetics and Stability of Pharmaceuticals: General consideration and concepts, half life determination; influence of temperature, humidity, light, solvent, catalytic species and other factors, accelerated stability testing, expiration dating, reaction kinetics and measurement of degradation, physical stability.

1. Endocrine system: Location, secreted hormones, their functions and disorders of Anterior pituitary gland, Posterior pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Adrenal gland and Pancreas. 2. Excretory System: Excretory system: Structure and function of kidney, composition and formation of urine, renal circulation, renal regulation of acid base balance renal disease and kidney function tests, physiology of maturation, artificial kidney (basic principles method and application) renal threshold, GFR. 3. Nervous System: Organization, structure & function of the Nervous System, Neuron properties and classification, Membrane potentials, synaptic and neuromuscular transmission, Classification, properties & components of reflex arc, Principal divisions of nervous system. Central Nervous System: Structures & functions of different parts of CNS, Ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System: Major divisions of PNS, differences between – somatic & autonomic, and sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system. Cranial and spinal nerves & their functions. Regulation of autonomic nervous system. Muscle tone- definition & regulation. CSF- definition, composition and function. 4. Respiratory System: Functional anatomy of the respiratory system, mechanism of respiration, lung volumes and capacities, gaseous exchange and transport (O2 and CO2); regulation of respiration (nervous and chemical); hypoxia-causes and classification; periodic (abnormal) breathing, Chene- stokes breathing, Kussmal breathing and breathing at high altitude. 5. Reproductive system: Structure and function of testis, ovary, uterus and placenta, menstrual and oestrous cycle, diagnosis of pregnancy, oestrogen, progestarone, androgens and gonadotrophic hormones (function), male reproductive organ, female reproductive organ.

1. Measurement of B. P. with sphygmomanometer. Effects of physical exercise on B. P. and heart rate. 2. Determination of ESR 3. Estimation of Hemoglobin 4. Collection of gastric Juice. Tests for gastric acidity. 5. Estimation of blood sugar in normal person.

1. Glycosides and glycoside containing drugs. Classification and biosynthesis of glycosides: The details of the following- Cyanogenic: Wild Cherry, Isothiocyanate-Mustard (Black-mustard and white mustard), Cardiac glycosides: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill, Saponins: Glycyrrhiza, Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara sagrada, aloe, senna, rhubarb. 2. Volatile oils and related terpenoids-Methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important volatile oils used as drugs. The details of different types of volatile oils-Terpenes or sesquiterpenes: Pinus, Alcohols: Coriander, Sandalwood, Rose, Ester; Peppermint, Aldehydes: Cinnamon bark, eucalyptus, lemon peel, lemon grass, Ketones: Camphor, Phenols: Clove, cinnamon leaf. Ethers: Nutmeg, eucalyptus 3. Phenolic compounds and tannins: Chemical nature and test for tannins some tannin containing drugs such as nutgall and catechu. 4. Poisonous plants and natural pesticides: Datura, Poison hemlock, Oleander, Foxglove (digitalis), Tobbaco, Poppy, Red squill, Strychnine. 5. Surgical dressing and fibers

1. Pharmacognositic study of a few selected powdered drugs. 2. Chromatographic techniques; analysis of plant extracts by thin layer chromatography. 3. Extraction and isolation of crude drugs. 4. Isolation of lactose from cow's milk.

1. General Principle: History and Scope of Pharmacology, Definition of pharmacology, drug, medicine, prodrug, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, agonist, synergism, side effect, drug tolerance, Source of drugs, route of administration and pharmacokinetics. 2. Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Drug absorption, factor modifying drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and Excretion (ADME).concept of drug action, Receptor, nature of receptor, Drug antagonism, Relation between drug dose and clinical response, signaling mechanism and drug action, ligand gated Channels, G-protein and second messengers. 3. Drugs for peptic Ulcer: Mechanism of HCI secretion, cause of acidity, Drug, Mechanism of action, uses, side effect and pharmacodynamics of Antacid, H2-recoptor blockers, proton pump inhibitor, PG analogue, mucosal-protective agent, Anti-Helicobacter pylori. 4. Autacoids: Histamine: Mode of action, Anaphylactic shock, Histamine-Releasing drug, allergic disorder, Antihistamines: Classification, mode of action, uses, adverse effect of Anti-histamine, Serotonin and serotonin antagonist Occurrence, Pharmacological action of serotonin and Serotonin antagonist.(Prostaglandins) 5. Vitamins: Water and Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A, B, C, D, K).

1. Introduction: Historical development, scope of microbiology with special reference to pharmaceutical sciences. 2. Microscopy: Bright field, dark field, flourescence, phase contrast and electron microscopy. Microscopic examination of microorganisms, Wet mount and hanging, drop techniques. Microbial staining. 3. Bacteria: General characteristics of bacteria, General and cellular morphology- size, shape, fine structures and movement, Cultivation of bacteria: nutritional requirements, factors affecting growth, bacteriological media, Reproduction and growth: Modes of cell division, normal growth cycle, growth curve, synchronous growth and measurement of growth, Pure culture and cultural characteristics: Methods of isolation, maintenance and preservation of pure cultures, colony characteristics and characteristics of broth culture. 4. Virus: General properties, classification and nomenclature, morphology, multiplication and cultivation, Bacteriophage: Morphology and life cycle, 5. Fungi- morphology, classification, pharmaceutical importance, Molds and yeast-types, morphology, reproduction and physiology, Pathogenic yeasts and molds, 6. Rickettsiae- Brief study of rickettsia and actinomycetes,

1. Studying of different laboratory equipments and processing, e.g., B.O.D. incubator, laminar flow, aseptic hood, autoclave, hot air sterilizer, deep freezer, refrigerator, microscopes. 2. Preparation of bacterial media 3. Culture of Bacteria 4. Identification and characterization of bacteria 5. Staining of bacterial cells and spores 6. Preparation of pure cultures and its identification 7. Bacterial counts 8. Identification and characterization of fungus 9. Antimicrobial activity of an unknown compound.

1. Introduction and Techniques of pharmaceutical Analysis: Introduction: Selection of sample, selection of chemical.The arts and science of pharmaceuticals analysis: choosing the tools, identification of containers, filtration, ignition of precipitates, drying of samples, recording units. Significance of quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical quality assurance, different technique of analysis, significant figures, accuracy and precision of representative samples, fundamental of volumetric analysis, method of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards. 2. Aqueous Acid-base titration: Definition, distribution of acid-base species with pH of the medium, acid-basetitrimetry for determination of weekly acidic and basic pharmaceuticals, indicators (theories) and their selection, application. 3. Non-aqueous Acid base Titration: Theoretical considerations and principles, Bronsted Lowry theory of acids and bases, non aqueous solvents, titration of weak acids and weak bases, application and scope of non aqueous titration. 4. Oxidation Reduction Titration: Principles and concepts, determination involving potassium permanganente, potassium dichromate, potassium bromate, lodiometric and icdiometric determination, miscellaneous oxidation and reduction titration, indicators, applications. 5. Complexometric titration: Introduction to complexometric titration, complexes and chelates, stability of complex ions, titration based on complex formation, types of complexometric titration, techniques employed in chelometric titration, methods of end point detection, titration selectivity and masking reagents. 6. Aquametry: Principle and scope, physical methods of water determination, chemical method of water determination, Karl- Fischer procedure-Principles, chemistry, methodology, equipment, end point detection and limitation. 7. Chromatographic Methods: General consideration and classification. a) Column chromatography: Principle and theories, preparation, procedure, method of detection, application. b) Thin layer chromatography: Principle, preparation of plates, procedure, method of detection, high performance thin layer chromatography, HPTLC, Rf value, concentration zone, application. c) Paper chromatography: Principle and theories, preparation, procedure, method of detection, application. d) Size exclusion chromatography: Principle and application of gel filtration and gel permeation. e) Ion exchange chromatography: Introduction, principle and applications. f) Affinity chromatography: Introduction, principle and applications.

1. Assay of acetyl salicylic acid in aspirin tablets. 2. Non-aqueous assay of levofloxacin tablets 3. Determination of potency of penicillin tablets. 4. Determination of calcium in solid and liquid dosage form by complexometric titration. 5. Assay of promethazine hydrochloride. 6. Calibration of UV spectrophotometer through absorbance and wavelength checks. 7. Determination of the effects of slit width and scanning speed on the UV absorption spectrum of a given drug. 8. Determination of the E-Z isomer ratio in clomiphene citrate mixture. 9. Gas chromatographic determination of the composition of fatty acids in fixed oils. 10. Testing of containers, closures, liners, glasses and plastics used for packing pharmaceutical products. 11. Test of packaging materials, cartons, aluminum foils, films used for blister packing, ampoules, vials.

1) Pre-formulation studies: Study of physical properties of drug: physical form, particle size, shape, density, wetting, dielectric, constant, solubility, dissolution and organoleptic property and their effects on formulation, stability and bioavailability. (a) Study of Chemical properties of drug: hydrolysis oxidation, reduction, raceamization, polymerization and their influence on formulation and stability of products. (b) Study of prodrug in solving problems related to stability, bioavailability, palatability and elegancy of formulation. 2) Pharmaceutical Excipients: Types with application in the Pharmaceutical Formulation Technology. 3) Tablets: Definition, advantages and classification, components of a tablet, formulation of different types of tablets, granulation technology, physics of tablet making, theory of compaction and consolidation, flow characteristics of granules, different types of tablet compression machinery and equipment. Common tableting problems and evaluation of tablets: Hardness measurement, weight variation tests, thickness and diameter, friability, disintegration time, dissolution time, mechanism of tablet disintegration and dissolution. In process quality control methods in tablet manufacturing, study of common tableting problems. 4) Tablet coating: Definition and classification of coating methods, advantages and disadvantages of coated tablets , different method of coating; sugar coating, different stages of sugar coating ; theory of film coating, film formers, plasticizer ,solvents, other excipients ;enteric coating: enteric coating polymers ,formulation of enteric coating ,dry coating (compression coating), comparison between sugar coating and film coating, aqueous film coating techniques , modern film coating materials and coating formulations, problems of organic and aqueous film coating ; coating machines : conventional coating machines ,perforated coating machines ,fluidized coating machines. 5) Capsules: Definition and classification, advantages and limitations of capsule dosage form, gelatin and its manufacture, quality control methods of capsules, packaging of capsules. a) Hard gelatin capsules: Definition of hard gelatin capsules, manufacture of hard capsule shells, properties of hard gelatin capsules, formulation of capsules, capsule filling machines, tooling and accessories, problems in capsule manufacturing, quality control methods of capsules, packaging of capsules. b) Soft gelatin capsules: Definitions and classifications, advantages and limitations, properties of soft gelatin capsules, formulation of soft gelatin capsules, manufacturing of soft gelatin capsules, problems in soft gelatin capsule manufacturing, quality control methods of soft gelatin capsules, packaging of microencapsulation process. 6) Microencapsulation technology: Purpose, methods of preparation, evaluation, pharmaceuticaland applications of microencapsulation process.

Experiments to illustrate the preparation, problems encountered during preparation, physical evaluation of the different dosage forms: 1. Studies on the polymorphs, their identification and properties. 2. Tablets including coated tablets like friability test, hardness test weight variation. 3. Suppositories like comparison between different bases and selection of a proper base.

1. Sterilization: Sterilization by heat-sterilization by dry heat. Principle, Hot air oven, Methods of use, application, advantages disadvantage of sterilization by moist heat, Factors affecting sterilization by moist heat. Principle of sterilization by steam under pressure. Autoclave: Applications, testing the efficiency of autoclaves, Sterilization by heating with bactericides. Cold sterilization of heat-labile products and equipments by chemical, radiation and filtration. Sterility test of injectables, sterilization of heat-labile injectables and microbial load of injection filling rooms 2. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products: Sterility testing of products according to IP, BP and USP. Sterility testing of parenteral products - solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products according to the I.P., B.P. and U.S.P. Sterility testing of sterile surgical devices, dressings, implants, absorbable, haemostats, surgical ligatures and sutures, surgical catgut . 3. Basic Immunology: Introduction to immune response: Innate and acquired immunity, complement, self and non-self discrimination and source and chemistry of antigen. Cells involved in immune system: macrophage and other antigen presenting cells, T cells, B cells. Antibody: Classification, chemistry and function. Hypersensitivity: Immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. 4. Immunological products: Active antigen products, inact6ivated and extract, passive products, gamma globulin 5. Bacterial resistance: introduction, causes, impact on antibiotics and on human health.

1. Analgesic, antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory drugs: Narcotic analgesic: Opium alkaloids, morphine, antagonist, synthetic and semi synthetic opiate. Non-narcotic analgesic: Salicylates, paraminophenol derivatives, proponic acid derivatives, Indomethacin and diclofenac. 2. Antidiabetic drugs: Definition, classification, causes, complication and treatment of diabetics. AntihyperglycemicDrugs: Different types of antihyperglycemic agents with structures, mechanisms, uses, toxicity of -Parenteral hypoglycemic agents- Insulin, Insulin resistance, Insulin Allergy, Oral hypoglycemic agents- sulfonylurea and Biguanides derivative agent.andManagement of diabetes. 3. Drugs Affecting Renal Function: Diuretics,Osmotic diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, k-sparing diuretics, High ceiling diuretics. 4. Drugs used in Haemopoietic system: Anticoagulants: Heparin, warfarine, dicumorol, Na- and K-Oxalates and citrates. Necessary factors: Iron, folic acid and vitamin B12. 5. Hormonal therapy and drugs affecting the uterine motility: Oral Contraceptives and Adreno-cortical hormones. Oxytocin, Ergot alkaloid.

1. Oral glucose tolerance test on human blood. 2. Effects of diuretics on animal model 3. Analgesic activity of pain killers on animal.

1. Genesis and chronological development of Bangla Language from Arian period to present time (Evolution: Indo-Arian; Pali; Magdhi Prakrita; Bangla. 2. Rules of correct Bangla spelling, Standard pronunciation, Sadhu and Chalit tradition of Bangla language. 3. Chronological development of Bangla Literature with different ages: Old Age (650/950-1200 AD), Dark Age: (1201-1350), Middle Age: (1351-1800): Over view of Mangal-Kāvya, Vaishnava Padavali, Folk Literature, Manuscript (Puthi), Writings of Shah Muhammad Sagir, Sayed Sultan, 4. Abdul Hakim, Syed Alaol, Modern Age: (1801-prsent time); Sub-divisions of this age; Characteristics and overview of major literature created during this period in comparison with that of English literature. 5. Epic poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta’s contribution to Bangla Literature; Characteristics of his sonnet, Discussion and critical alalysis of his poems Banga Bhasa and Kapatakha Nad. 6. Folk Poet Jasimuddin, his contribution to Bangla Literature, recitation, discussion and critical analysis of his poem, Kabar. 7. Contribution of rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam to Bangla Literature; Discussion, recitation and critical analysis on his poems- Bidrohi, Nari, & Samyabadi; Evaluation of his identity as a secular, and rebel poet and a poet of equality and humanity. 8. Discussion on biography of Nobel Laureate and World poet Rabindranath Tagore; Critical appreciation on his poems- Jete Nahi Dibo, Shajahan, Sonar Tori, Banshi, Balaka and Mrityunjoy; Evaluation of Tagore’s contribution to Bangla Literature and his philosophy depicted in his poems and songs. 9. Contribution of Jibananando Das to Bangla Literature; Discussion on his poems-Banalata Sen Surrealism and his Poems,-Banolata Sen, Banglar Mukh Ami (Ruposi Bangla), and Metho Chand (DhusarPandulipi) and evaluation him as a surrealist poet. 10. Contribution of Shamsur Rahman to Bangla Literature as a major modern poet; Critical analysis of his poems Tomake Paoar Janyo Hey Swadhinata; Abhishap Dischi, and discussion with critical analysis on Nirmalendu Goon’s poems -Amake Kee Malya Debe Dao & Swadhinata, Ay Shabdati Kibhabe Amader Holo. 11. Discussion on short stories: Postmaster, Kangkal, Mahamaya from Galpoguscha by Rabindranath Tagore; Abchaya, Rickshawala; Chor Chor from Shreshtho Galpa by Buddhodeb Bose. 12. Discussion on short stories: Abchaya, Rickshawala; Chor Chor from Shreshtho Galpa by Buddhodeb Bose. 13. Introduction to novels of Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay and discussion; critical analysis on his novel Pather Panchali. 14. Critical analysis on the novel Pather Panchali by Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay and discussion on the essay, Toilo by Haroprasad Shastri. 15. Discussion on the historical background of the play Kabar by Munir Chowdhury and its critical analysis.

1. Nucleic Acids: Chemistry of nucleic acids, bases nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotide, nucleoproteins, RNA, DNA, Watson-Crick double helix 2. Mutation: Types of mutation, molecular mechanism of mutation site specific mutagenesis, mutation hot spot, DNA repair mechanism, inherit ant mutation diseases. 3. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: Introduction, Biological sequence information. Use of the term "dogma". a) Replication: DNA replication, DNA polymerases, types of DNA replication and inhibitors of replication, b) Transcription: RNA synthesis and mRNA processing (Post-transnational modification of mRNA, Promoters, enhancers and transcriptional factor) in bacteria and yeast, inhibitors of transcription, Genetic code: Characteristic feature of genetic code, wobble hypothesis with experimental evidence, initiation and termination codon, c) Translation: structure of Ribosome, mechanism of translation, (Protein synthesis) post transitional modification, inhibitors of translation. 4. Gene Expression: Gene expression in yeast, control of gene expression, general aspect of gene regulation 5. Techniques in Molecular Biology: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing techniques, southern, Northern and western blotting, agarose gel electrophoresis, Invitrokinase assay real time PCR, Reverse Transcriptase

1. Hydrolysis of boiled starch by ptyalin 2. Determination of protein concentration from the supplied sample by Lowery method

1. Liquid Dosage Form: Clear liquids and Solutions- physicochemical considerations, types of solution dosage form, additives, solubilizers, colors, flavors and other excipients that are used in formulations, manufacturing, packaging and evaluation. Some clear liquids and solutions that are of current importance highlighting their uses, doses and contraindications. 2. Dispersed Systems: Properties of Disperse System: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, suspending and emulsifying agents, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological consideration, emulsion types, theories and physical stability, different quality checking techniques in suspension and emulsion formulation. 3. Suspension: Advantages and disadvantages, aggregated and dispersed system, formulation of suspension, manufacturing of suspension, stability of suspension, evaluation and quality analysis of suspension, rheological consideration, illustrative examples. 4. Emulsion: Definition and applications, advantages and disadvantages, theory of emulsion, formation of emulsion, classification of emulsifying agents, HLB values of surface active agents, formulation of emulsion, manufacturing of emulsion, stability of emulsion, evaluation and quality analysis of emulsion, rheological considerations, illustrative examples. 5. Semisolid Dosage Forms (Ointments, paste, gels): Structure of skin, percutaneous absorption of drugs, definition and classification of semisolids, classification of ointment bases, formulation of ointments, manufacturing of ointments, rheological consideration, evaluation and quality analysis of ointment. 6. Suppositories: Drug absorption from colon, classification of suppositories, suppository bases, formulation of suppositories, manufacturing of suppositories, testing of suppositories. 7. Ophthalmic Preparation: Requirements, formulation, preservatives and choice thereof, methods of preparation, containers and evaluation.

1. Preparation of different types of suspensions and determination of their sedimentation parameters. 2. Preparation and stability studies of different emulsions. 3. Preparation of different pharmaceutical syrups. 4. Formulation and preparation of pharmaceutical suspensions. 5. Formulation and preparation of Whit-field’s ointment 6. Formulation and preparation of sustained released paracetamol tablet.

1. Introduction to Biopharmaceutics: Definition, historical development of the subject, fundamental principles, concepts ad its role in formulation development and clinical setting. 2. Drug absorption: Nature of the cell membrane, passage of drugs across cell membranes, various mechanisms, factors affecting drug absorption – physicochemical, physiological and pharmaceutical routes of drug administration. 3. Drug disposition: Physiologic factors, distribution in blood, calculation of apparent volume of distribution, plasma-protein binding, kinetics of protein binding, determination of binding constants and binding sites by graphic methods, clinical significance of drug-protein binding. 4. Pro-drug and chemical delivery system: Eye as a target organ, chemical delivery systems(CDS) for eye skin, CDS for kidney , lugs as a target organ, colon targeting, CDS for liver targeting, lymphatic targeting, brain as a target organ for CDS, tumour targeting by CDS, antibody and enzyme based tumour targeting. 5. Determination of bioavailability and bioequivalence: Definitions, purpose of bioavailability studies, relative and absolute availability, methods for assessing bioavailability, measures of bioequivalence study and single dose bioequivalence study and relevant statistics, review of regulatory requirements for conducting bioequivalence study. 6. Drug Clearance: Drug elimination, the kidney, clearance concept, physiologic approach to clearance, mechanism of renal clearance, clearance ratio, determination of renal clearance, extraction ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary excretion, extra hepatic circulation. 7. Biopharmaceutic considerations in drug product design: Rate-limiting steps in drug absorption, pharmaceutic factors affecting drug bioavailability, physicochemical nature of the drug, formulation factors affecting drug dissolution, in vitro dissolution testing, compendia methods of dissolution, methods for testing enteric-coated products, meeting dissolution requirements, problems of variable control in dissolution testing, in vitro – in vivo correlation of dissolution.

1. Tablet disintegration test (Diclofenac tablet) 2. Tablet dissolution test (Omeprazole capsule) 3. Leakage test of packaging of tablets and capsules

1. Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutic Agents: Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action, SAR, pharmacokinetics, indication, contraindication, dose, adverse effects and drug indication of the following classes of drugs-Sulfa drugs, B-lactam drugs, Drugs affecting protein synthesis, Drugs affecting Topoisomerase–I enzyme,, Antitubercular agents, Antileprotic drugs, 2. Drugs used in Tropical diseases: Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action, SAR, pharmacokinetics, indication, contraindication, dose, adverse effects and drug indication of the following classes of drugs- Antiamoebic drugs Antimalarial agents, Antihelmintics, Drugs used in diarrhoea and Cholera, Antifungal agents. 3. Cardiovascular drugs: Functioning and diseases of the heart- Arrhythmia, Ischemia, Angina pectoris, Coronary thrombosis Myocardial infarction, Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Drugs: Introduction, Classification, Chemistry, Mode of action, Pharmacokinetics, Indication, Contraindication, Dose, Adverse effect and Drug interaction- Antihypertensive drugs, Antiarrhythmic drugs, Diuretics, Drugs used in heart failure, Drugs used in Angina and Myocardial infarction. 4. Anesthetics: Local anesthetics: History, mechanism of action, properties, SAR, Pharmacological action, fate, ester and amide type local anesthetics. General Anesthetics: Inhaled anesthetics-Nitrous oxide, Halothane, enflurane. Intravenous anesthetis:- Barbiturates, benzodiazepines and opoid analgesics. 5. Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs: Benzodiazepines & Barbiturates

1. Study of drugs acting on CNS: CNS stimulant drugs (strychnine, ephedrine, and amphetamine), CNS depressant drugs (barbiturates induced sleeping time) 2. Effect of pilocarpine on saliva secretion of rat. 3. Effect of local anesthetics on rats/mice tail. 4. Effect of general anesthetics on rats/mice.

1. Herbal study: History of medicine and herbal medicine, Future and Scope of herbal medicine, Definition, distribution, Importance of herbal medicine, Traditional and non-traditional medicine, definitions, increasing and popularity, safety and efficacy issue, kinds of herbal medicine and their application, herbal drug research bioactivity guided approach. 2. Contribution and details of some common indigenous traditional plants: Punarnava, Vashaka, Anantamul, Arjuna, Chirata, Kalomegh, Amla, Asoka, Bahera, Haritaki, Tulsi, aloe, Betel nut, Karela, Shajna, Bael, Garlic, Onion. 3. Ayurvedic system and Unani medicine: Definition, history, Principle of Ayurveda, types of dosage forms, scientific status, description of ayurvedic plants (Turmeric, Black pepper, Azadirectaetc) Unani medicine: Definition, purpose, history, applications. 4. Chinese Herbal Medicine System & Acupunture: History, Principle of traditional Chinese system, Types of herbs, Concepts of eastern and western medicine systems, types of herbal dosage forms, Description of Chine herbs (Ginseng, Ephedra, Gingko etc.) Definition, purpose, history, organ system, applications of acupuncture, eastern and western explanation of acupuncture mechanism of action, medical problem and precautions of acupuncture. 5. Neutraceuticals: Introduction, Classification, Food components and nutrition, Inorganic mineral supplements, Vitamin supplements, Digestive Enzymes, Probiotics, prebiotics, Dietary fibres, Ceareals and grains, Health drinks, Antioxidents, Polyunsaturated fatty acids and herbs as functional foods. Food nutrition, health and diseases- omega 3,6,9 fatty acids, obesity and hyperlipidemia 6. Poisonous Plants: Synonyms, botanical source, geographical source, toxic constituents, treatments of toxicity of poisonous plants ( Castor seeds, Datura, Oleander, Ipomoea etc)

1. Stereochemistry: General treatment of different types of isomers, Geometric isomerism of alkene and cyclic compounds, Cis-trans and (E), (Z) systems of nomenclature, Conformetional isomers: Conformation of open chain and cyclic compounds, Chirality of molecules: Enantiomer, diastereomer, racimic modification, meso compound, (R) and (S) configuration, sequence rule, optical rotation, Stereo selective and stereo specific rotation, Pharmaceutical importance of studying stereochemistry. 2. Heterocyclic chemistry: i. 5-membered heterocyclic compounds: Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, isooxazole, thiazole and isothiazole; their preparation, reactions and pharmaceutical importance. ii. 6-membered heterocyclic compounds: Pyridine, piperidine, pyrimidine, pyradazine, pyrazine and triazine: their preparation, reactions and pharmaceutical importance. iii. Benzofused 5-membered heteroaromatic compounds: Indole, benzofuran, benzothiaphene and carbazole; their preparation, reactions and pharmaceutical importance. iv. Benzofused 6- membered heteroaromatic compounds: Quinoline and isoquinoline; their preparation, reactions and pharmaceutical importance. 3. Drug metabolism: Definition, Xenobiotiecs, bioactivities factor effecting drug metabolism, pathway of drug metabolism significance of drug metabolism. 4. Chemistry, SAR, Mode of action and synthesis of the following groups of drugs: i. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory ii. Antihistamine iii. H2-blockers iv. Cardiovascular agents v. Diuretics vi. Antidiabetic agents vii. Sedatives and hypnotics

Laboratory synthesis, physical, chemical & spectral characterization of the following compounds: 1. Pracetamol 2. Acetanilide 3. Aspirin 4. PABA (Para amino benzoic acid) 5. Methyl salicylate

1. Introduction: Importance of pharmacokinetics in bioavailability and clinical practice, concepts, definition and explanation of terminologies used. 2. Compartment Models: Concepts and their importance in the study of pharmacokinetics a. One compartment open model: Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and urine data after intravenous injection and oral administration; percent absorbed time plot and absorption rates based on one compartment model. b. Two compartment open model: Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple dose administration as applied to intravenous (rapid) and oral administration, intravenous transformation, dosage adjustment in patients with and without renal failure. 3. Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption: Zero-order absorption model, first-order absorption model, determination of absorption rate constants from oral absorption data. 4. Multiple dosage regimens (MDR): Drug accumulation, repetitive intravenous injection, multiple oral dosage regimens, loading dose and determination of bioavailability and bioequivalence from MDR. 5. Dosage adjustment in renal diseases: Pharmacokinetic considerations, general approaches for dose adjustment in renal disease, dose adjustment based on drug clearance, dose adjustment based on the elimination rate constant, measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), calculation of creatinine, dose adjustment based on nomogram, Giusti-Hayton method, Wagner method, extracorporeal removal of drugs. 6. Dosage adjustment in hepatic diseases: Pharmacokinetic considerations, general approaches for dose adjustment in hepatic disease, dose adjustment based on drug clearance by liver function. 7. Non-Linear pharmacokinetics: Special reference to one compartment model after intravenous drug administration, Michaelis-Menten equation, detection of non-linearity (saturation mechanism). 8. Relationship between pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic responses. 9. Intravenous infusions: Determination of Css, tss, loading dose, mathematical problems.

1. Introduction: Importance of pharmacokinetics in bioavailability and clinical practice, concepts, definition and explanation of terminologies used. 2. Compartment Models: Concepts and their importance in the study of pharmacokinetics a. One compartment open model: Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and urine data after intravenous injection and oral administration; percent absorbed time plot and absorption rates based on one compartment model. b. Two compartment open model: Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple dose administration as applied to intravenous (rapid) and oral administration, intravenous transformation, dosage adjustment in patients with and without renal failure. 3. Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption: Zero-order absorption model, first-order absorption model, determination of absorption rate constants from oral absorption data. 4. Multiple dosage regimens (MDR): Drug accumulation, repetitive intravenous injection, multiple oral dosage regimens, loading dose and determination of bioavailability and bioequivalence from MDR. 5. Dosage adjustment in renal diseases: Pharmacokinetic considerations, general approaches for dose adjustment in renal disease, dose adjustment based on drug clearance, dose adjustment based on the elimination rate constant, measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), calculation of creatinine, dose adjustment based on nomogram, Giusti-Hayton method, Wagner method, extracorporeal removal of drugs. 6. Dosage adjustment in hepatic diseases: Pharmacokinetic considerations, general approaches for dose adjustment in hepatic disease, dose adjustment based on drug clearance by liver function. 7. Non-Linear pharmacokinetics: Special reference to one compartment model after intravenous drug administration, Michaelis-Menten equation, detection of non-linearity (saturation mechanism). 8. Relationship between pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic responses. 9. Intravenous infusions: Determination of Css, tss, loading dose, mathematical problems.

1. Determination of the area under plasma concentration time profile curve by trapezoidal method. 2. Dissolution study of theophyline tablet dosage form. 3. Dissolution study of theophyline capsule sustained relase dosage form (SRDF). 4. Dissolution study of diclofenac sodium (enteric coated) tablet dosage form.

1. Introduction: Abilities Required of a Hospital Pharmacist. Hospital as an institution, registration requirements, general functions, classification, Organizational patterns, Management and administration, Role of a Pharmacist in the Hospital, Hospital Pharmacy, Organizational and administration, Supportive personnel, Pharmacy Education. 2. Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee: Description and purpose, organization, scopes and functions, Hospital Formulary, Guiding Principles, Legal Basis, Principles for Admission of Deletion of Drugs. Investigational Use of Drugs, Description, and Principles involved Classification, Control, Identification, Advisory committee, hospital formulary system. 3. Purchasing and Drug Distribution: Purchasing system, Control on Purchases, Storage, Physical Inventory, Perpetual Inventory. Drug distribution and control system in hospitals, Floor Stock Drugs, Inspection of Nursing station medication area. 4. Control of Special Classes of Drugs: Narcotics distribution and Control, Procurement and Execution of Order Forms, Dispensing, Hospital Narcotic Regulations. 5. Dispensing to In and Out Patients: Dispensing of charged Non floor stock drugs, Unit dose dispensing. Dispensing to out-door patients, Record keeping. Dispensing during off hours, Emergency boxes and night drug cabinets, Pharmacist on call, Drug charges in hospitals, Pricing, breakeven point pricing. 6. Drug information centre and library: Physical facilities, selection of contents, Methods of dissemination of drug information, External educational programs. 7. Community Pharmacy: Concept of community Health care, Health needs of the community, Different levels of health care, Elements of Primary Health care, Principles of Primary Health care, community Pharmacy in dealing with communicable diseases problem, Nutritional Problems, Environmental sanitation problems and indigenous systems of medicine, Development of Community Pharmacy infrastructure. 8. Rational Use of Drugs: Background of Rational use of Drugs, Definition, Factors Underlying irrational use of Drugs. Factors effecting drug use, strategies to improve prescribing, Strengths and weakness of different Interventions to change drug use patterns, international network for rational use of drugs.

1.Antiviral drugs: Anti- herpes virus, Antiretrovirus, Anti-influenza virus. Antihepatitis virus, Anti AIDS virus 1. Antineoplastic drugs: Definition of cancer, Tumor and sarcoma, causes of cancer, mode of cancer, cancer therapy and different anticancer drugs. 2. Drugs acting on Central nervous system: Antipsychotic and Antidepressant drugs-Antiepileptic drugs, CNS stimulants. 3. Drugs acting on peripheral nervous system: Cholinergic drugs, Anticholinergic drugs, adrenergic drugs, dopaminergic drugs. 4. Immunosuppressive agents: Cytotoxic drugs, glucocorticoids, antibodies, specific T cell inhibitors.

1. Basic concepts in toxicology: A course overview, including the assessment of toxic substances, their impact on health and their target organs, introduction to toxicology, toxicity testing. 2. Toxicology: Principles, drug toxicology, the evaluation of drug toxicology (LD50, ED50, TI), drug idiosyncrasy, pharmacokinetics, drug allergy in man, test for prediction of drug allergy, general toxicity of cytotoxic drugs, allylabiny agent, antimetabolites, natural products and vinca alkaloids. 3. Adverse reactions: Cause of adverse reactions, factors affecting side effects of drugs, drug induced hepatic dysfunction, drug induced endocrine dysfunction, drug induced disorders of neuromuscular functions, peripheral neuropathy, CNS function. 4. Toxicology tests: principles, factors of the test- acute toxicity test, chronic toxicity test, prolong toxicity test, potentiation test, teratogenicity test, reproduction test, carcinogenicity test, mutagenicity test. 5. The biotransformation of toxins, their inactivation and removal from the body: An introduction to biotransformation, the cytochrome P450 system- its function, mechanism of action and regulation; glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase- its function, mechanism of action and regulation.

1. Drug design & discovery: Source of drug, Cost & place of development of drugs, Search of new drug, Genesis of drugs: Serendipity, random screening, extraction from natural source, molecular modification, selection or synthesis of soft drugs based on the active metabolic approach, methods of lead optimization, prodrugs, rational drug design, antidote, antimetabolite, enzyme inhibitors, computer aided drug design (CADD). 2. Chemistry of natural products and other secondary metabolites: Alkaloids-as pharmaceutical raw materials opium and analogies of opium synthesis of papavering and ephedrine, Glycosides –chemistry, M/A indication drug inter and SAR, Steroids – Introduction, spectral properties stereochemistry of steroids-ergosterol, Vit-D of bile acids, sexhormones, androgens, estrogens, odrenocorticoids and their synthesis. 3. Combinatorial Chemistry: Combinatorial synthesis:Introduction to drug discovery process, library synthesis on resin beads- solid phase chemistry, resin beads, speeding up of peptide synthesis, mix and split library synthesis, Solution, phase combinatorial synthesis, encoded combinatorial synthesis, Solid phase library, Chemistry of linkers, application of combinatorial chemistry on drug discovery. 4. Chemistry, SAR, Mode of action and synthesis of the following groups of drugs: a) Psychotropic drugs & antidepressants b) Sulfa drugs c) Antimicrobial agents d) Cephalosporine and quinolone derivatives e) Steroid hormones f) Oral contraceptives g) Anticancer drugs.

Laboratory synthesis, physical, chemical & spectral characterization of the following compounds: 1. Phenacetin .Benzocaine 2. Propanolol 3. Para amino phenol 4. Meta nitro benzaldehyde

1. Ultra violet and visible spectroscopy: Introduction, electromagnetic radiation, units, electromagnetic spectra and absorption of radiation, Lambert’s and Beer’s law, deviation form Lambert-Beer law, instrumentation, colorimetry, chromophores and auxochromes, analysis of mixture, absorption and intensity shifts, applications of Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy in quantitative analysis of drugs. 2. Infra-red spectroscopy: Molecular vibration and their types, Hook’s law of vibrational frequency, fundamental vibration, number of fundamental vibration, overtone, factor influencing vibrational frequency, instrument sampling techniques, precaution in running IR spectra, finger print region, importance of finger print region and IR spectra in structure determination and application of IR spectroscopy. 3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: 1H-NMR spectroscopy: Introduction & theory, relaxation process, instrumentation, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, different spin system, coupling constants, spin-spin decoupling, long range coupling; Two Dimensional NMR spectroscopy, nuclear over hauser effect, 2D Nuclear Over Hauser Enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY), HMBC, HMQC. 13C NMR spectroscopy: Introduction, Principle, chemical shift, Spin-spin cupling, application. 4. Mass Spectroscopy: Introduction, theory, the mass spectrum, determination of molecular formula, ionization technique, recognition of molecular ion, fragmentation process, application. 5. Atomic absorption spectroscopy: Theory, advantages and disadvantages instrumentation and application in quantitative analysis.

1. Estimation of ampicillin by UV spectroscopic method. 2. Estimation of aspirin by UV spectroscopic method. 3. Estimation of ferrous fumarate from iron capsule. 4. Determination of ampicillin by iodiometric titration. 5. Separation of chemical compounds by thin layer chromatography.

1. Drying: Moisture content and mechanism of drying rate of drying and time of drying calculations classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods, Mathematical problems on drying. 2. Mixing: Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments, Dehumidification and Humidity control, Basic concepts and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, psychometric chart & measurement of humidity measurement in pharmacy. 3. Size reduction and size separation: Definition, objective of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and powder requirements of a mill, types of including ball mill, hammer mill fluid energy mill. 4. Heat transfer: Sources of heat, heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of the amount of steam / electrical energy, steam pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems of heat transfer. 5. Distillation: Rault’s law, phase diagram, volatility, simple steam and flash distillations, principle of rectification, McCabe thiele method for calculations of number of theoretical plates, Azeotrapic and extractive distillation Mathematical problems on distillation. 6. Evaporation: Basic concepts of phase equillibria, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single and multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems of evaporators. 7. Filtration and centrifugation: Theory of filtration, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter press, rotary filter, edge filter, Factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters, principle of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters and centrifugal sedimeters. 8. Crystallization: Characteristics of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting them, solubility curves and calculation of yields, material and heat balances around Swenson walker crystallizer, supersaturation theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth, study of various types of crystallizer, tanks, agitated batch Swenson walker, Single vacuumed, circulating magma and crystal crystallizer, caking of crystals and its prevention, Numerical problems on yields. 9. Material for Construction and Handling System: General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, Properties and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass. Liquid handling: Different types of pump. Gas handling: various types of fans, blowers and compressors. Solid handling: bins, bunkers, conveyors, and air transport. Industrial Hazards and safety precautions: Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, fire and dust hazards, industrial dermatitis, accident records. Refrigeration and air conditioning Principles andapplications of refrigeration and air conditioning. 10. Packaging of pharmaceutical products: Packaging components, types, specification and methods of evaluation, stability aspects of packaging, packaging equipment, factors influencing choice containers, other official requirements for containers, package testing.

1. Introduction to Biotechnology: Definition, Importance, Areas of Interest, Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Applications of Biotechnology. 2. Biotechnological Drugs: Approved biotechnological product and vaccines, Process of Approval. Stability aspects of the products, Methods to improve the stability and oral bioavailability, consideration of the routes of administration, GMP compliance and biopharmaceutical facilities. Dispensing Biotechnological products: Storage and maintenance, Handing and transportation requirements, preparation and administration, Reimbursement. 3. Genetic Engineering: Concept, Tools, Techniques, Application of Genetic Engineering in the Diagnosis of Genetic diseases, Gene therapy, Production of Pharmaceuticals. 4. Fermentation Technology: Fermentation process and optimization, Improvement of microbial strain, structure and types of fermenter, Fermented pharmaceutical products (Antibiotics and Vitamins). 5. Recombinant DNA Technology: Introduction, Cutting and rejoining of DNA, Mutagenesis, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in gene amplification, Pharmaceutical application of recombinant DNA technology, Drug delivery system, Gene therapy, Basic Molecular mechanism of gene transfer, Prerequisite of human gene therapy, gene therapy for cancer and HIV, Various problems in gene therapy. 6. Bioinformatics: Definition and concepts, importance and bioinformatics, Biological database.

1. General Consideration: Definition, scope, maintenance of prerogatives and licensure, legal relationship and dealings. 2. Commercial Laws: Business law, Laws of contract 1872, regulations and laws governing the practices of pharmacy (The Pharmacy Ordinance1976). 3. Policies, regulation and laws:The Drug Act 1940, The Drug Policy 1982, Essential Drug List, , The Drug (Control) Ordinance 1982, The Narcotics (Control) Act 1990, The Poisons Act 1919 and related amendments thereof. 4. Control of Drug Advertisements and Prices: patented and trademarked medicine, proprietary medicine, schedules of drugs and poisons, regulation of cosmetics, poisons control. 5. The Pharmacist’s code of ethics. 6. Environmental control for the Pharmaceutical Industries.

1. Introduction to pathology: General consideration, scope& techniques of pathology. 2. Cellular Injury and Adaptation: Morphology of injured cells, intracellular accumulation, sub-cellular alteration, adaptation, neuralgia. 3. Inflammation and Repair: Morphological patterns and changes in vascular flow and permeability, phagocytosis, chemical mediators, mechanisms of regeneration and repairing, gastritis, ulceration, pleuritis, cervicitis. 4. Hemodynamic De-arrangement: Edema, hyperemia, congestion, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, shock. 5. Infectious Diseases: Herpes simplex, Aids, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, syphilis, plague, tetanus, giardiasis, thrichomoniasis, pneumonia filariasis. 6. Disorder of organ system and their management: Gastrointestinal disorders: Peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, constipation and diarrhea, Hepatic disorders: Adverse effect of drugs on liver, liver diseases, Renal disorders: Acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, Cardiovascular disorder: Hypertension, CHD, CHF, arrhythmias, thrombosis, dyslipideamia, Respiratory disorders: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, drug induced lung diseases, Neurological and psychological: Insomnia & anxiety, affective disorders, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinsonism, pain nausea and vomiting.

1. Potentiometric Titrations: Introduction, Theory and principles, electrochemical cells and half cell, electrodes, measurement of potential, Application of potentiometric titrations. 2. Polargraphy and Amperometric Titrations: Introduction, Theoretical considerations, instrumentation, General polargraphic analysis, amperometric titration using one and two electrodes. 3. Gas Chromatography: Introduction and principles, theorical considerations, column technology, detectors, analytical application of gas chromatography. 4. Fluorometry: Introduction, theoretical principle, fluorescence and chemical structure, instrumentation, factors influencing intensity of fluorescence, comparison of flurometry and spectrophotometry, applications of fuorpmetry in pharmaceutical analysis. 5. Microbiological assay of antibiotics: Introduction, principles, Reference standard and units of activity, Agar diffusion assay, theory of Zone formation and inhibition, factors affecting diffusion assay, Dose response curve, large plate assay using Latin, square design, Statistical interpretation of microbiological assay methods. 6. A brief study about electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 7. High performance liquid chromatography: Introduction and theoretical principles, instrumentation, characteristics of stationary and mobile phases, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, retention time (tR), retention volume (vR), special techniques, precaution, detector and applications. 8. Validation of analytical methods: Strategy and parameters for the validation of methods, verification of standard methods validation of non-routine methods, analytical validation within the pharmaceutical environment, validation of standard operating procedures (SOP). a. Method validation for HPLC analysis: Introduction, background information, method validation experiments, common problems and solutions. b. Performance verification: Performance verification of HPLC: Introduction, performance verification practices, operation tips for HPLC performance verification.

1. The skin Physiology: Layers of skin, functions, Epidermis and Keratinizing system, Pigmentary system, Langerhans Cell, Dermis, Nerves and sense organs, Blood Vessels, Exocrine sweat glands, Hair follicles, Sebaceous glands, Apocrine glands, Common disorders of the skin. 2. Skin Creams: Definition of crams lotions, Classification of skin creams, criteria functions of Cold creams, Cleansing creams, Night and Message creams, Moisturizing creams, Vanishing and foundation creams, all purpose creams, Hand and body lotions, Sunscreen preparations with their formulations. 3. Shaving Preparations: Purpose of shaving products, Lather shaving cream, pre-electric shaving preparations, Aerosol shaving foams, after-shave preparations. 4. Dental Products: Introduction, Formulation and manufacture of tooth paste and tooth powders, Mouth washes and their formulations 5. Hair products: definition of Shampoos, evaluation of detergents, antidandruff shampoo, egg shampoo, Hair setting lotions, Hair tonics and conditioners. 6. Lipsticks: Definition, criteria of ideal lipsticks, common ingredients, harmful lipstick ingredients, formulation, lip salves.

Preparations of different types of cosmetic products in laboratory: 1. Cold cream, Vanishing cream. 2. Tooth paste, Mouthwashes 3. Shampoo 4. After-shave lotions 5. Ear drops 6. Aromatic waters

1. Nature and Principle of Management: Style of management, The MBO system, Decision making process, Planning—Nature and type of plan, Planning steps and Process, Objective of planning. 2. Organization Structures: Social organization and Legal organization, the sole partnership, general partnership, private and public limited company. Their advantages and disadvantages. 3. Personnel Management: Importance, Principles, Methods, Motivation, Staff requirement and recruitment. 4. Purchasing: Formulating effective buying policies, selecting the source of supply, Determining terms of purchase, marking and stocking of goods. 5. Marketing in a Changing World: What is Marketing: Needs, Wants and Demands; Products and services; Value, satisfaction, quality; Market and marketing, Demand management, Building profitable customer relationship, Marketing management philosophies: The production concept, the product concept, the selling concept, the marketing concept, the marketing concept, The changing concept of Pharma marketing: Role of marketing within the Organization, Role of marketing environment 6. Marketing mix: Products, Price, Place, Promotion (4Ps) 7. Products: What is product, Product classification, Product life cycles, New product development 8. Market segmentation and targeting: Problems in market segmentation. Methods of segmentation, Target market selection. 9. Product positioning: Positioning strategies, Types of product positioning, Innovative positioning approaches, measuring product positioning. 10. Evaluations and dynamics of physicians: Evaluating attitudes of physicians, Evaluatory factors, Market dynamics, and Market size.

1. Introduction: Clinic, hospital, clinical pharmacy-scope, importance and application of clinical pharmacy, diagnosis and routine test for diagnosis, enzyme coenzyme and isoenzyme and their role in diagnosis of disease, pharmacokinetic of few drug, aim of clinical pharmacy, qualities of clinical pharmacist, role of clinical pharmacist in health care team, responsibilities of clinical pharmacist patient compliance, patient noncompliance, reason for non compliance, consequence of noncompliance, medication history pharmacist and patient counseling, objective of clinical pharmacy. 2. Clinical Chemistry and interpretation of clinical laboratory test: Blood chemistry, Hematology, Urinalysis, Kidney function test, Liver function test. 3. Drug Interaction: Drug interaction, concept of drug interaction, factor contributing to the occurrence of drug interaction, mechanism of drug interaction, (pharmacokinetic type and pharmacodynamic type) reducing the risk of drug interaction, adverse drug reaction (mechanism), predisposing factor of adverse drug reactions. 4. Clinical Interpretation of pathophysiology of the following disease: AIDS, Tuberculosis, Venereal disease (UTI< RTI), Anthrax, Dengue, Influenza

1. Introduction of Location, Ancient Territorial entities, townships (Jana pada), their Interlinks and links with Out World; Origin and evolution of the name ‘Bangla’, Early inhabitants, their Blood and Linguistic Identities, their modern inheritors. 2. Material, Social, Cultural and Political Life of Early Bengali People: Early livelihood, ancient land clearance; Land use and land Relations; Social Classes and Socio-political Structure; Language, Literature, Culture, Religion and their Aryanisation. 3. Government and administration: Evidence of early historical period, administration of ancient dynasties up to twelve century, Society, economy, religion and culture of ancient Bengal 4. Medieval Bengal: Society, economy, religion, and culture of medieval Bengal. 5. British Rule: Political, Administrative and Economic orientations of British Bengal, Permanent Settlement, the Zamindars and the Jotdars; Westren education and Muslim reaction: Emergence of the Muslim Middle Class. 6. Nationalism: Bengali Nationalism, Partition of Bengal 1905 and its cancellation in 1911, and Communal politics under British colonial administration 7. Partition of India: Communalism and Lahore Resolution 1940, United Bengal Movement, Creation of Pakistan in 1947 based on ‘Two Nation Theory,’ Two wings of Pakistan-West Pakistan and East Bengal. 8. Structure of New Pakistan State and Inconsistency: Central and Provincial Power structure imbalance, Political and economic inequality, Socio-cultural disparity, Influence of military and civil bureaucracy. Lack of Bengali representation in the national power structure. Elite-mass gap, and the weakness of different national and civic institutions 9. Language Movement and Struggle for Democracy: Early phase of the language movement, Formation of Awami (Muslim) League in 1949 and democratic movement. The height of the language movement in 1952 and the awakening of the masses. 10. Initiative to form Democratic Government and the Commencement of Military Rule: Formation of United Front and the General Election of 1954, Victory of United Front and Formation of Government, Adoption of Constitution in 1956, Toppling of United Front ministry, the military coup and Ayub Khan’s martial rule, Ceasing the right of political activities by Basic Democracy Order 11. The culmination of Nationalism and Movement for Emancipation: Development of dependency, economic decline and the crisis of legitimacy Student’s (Education) Movement in 1962, India Pakistan War of 1965; Emergence of Shaikh Mujibur Rahman as the prime defender of Bengali interest and autonomy Declaration of Six-Point demand and the intensification of the emancipation movement, Agartala Conspiracy Case in 1968, Eleven-point movement of the Students, Mass uprising in 1969, the release of Bangabandhu and the fall of Ayub Khan. 12. 1970’s Election and Non-cooperation Movement: Cyclone of 1970 and response of Yahiya government, Reaction of the Bengali people and the 1970’s election result. Military operation by Pakistani army and Non-cooperation Movement in the early March 1971, Genocide/operation searchlight and Declaration of the Independence. 13. The Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971: Early spontaneous resistance by the mass; formation of Muktibahini and Mujibnagar Government; Formal Organisation of Guerilla warfare; Armed forces and their participation; Anti-liberation Activities by the Local Agents (the Peace Committee, Al-Badar, Al-Shams, Rajakars), 9-month Fighting and the Victory of Bangladesh. 14. Geopolitical perspective of the Liberation war: International Reactions for and Against Bangladesh, Role of the United Nationsand the Superpowers, Role of India; Diplomatic maneuvering of Mujibnagar Government; Role of Regional and International Media.